Humans have an estimated ________The largest known cell is an ______
1-[[100 trillion or 1014 cells. ]] 2-Ostrich egg.
In _________ discovered cells in cork, then in living plant tissue using an early microscope. First of all in ______, states that
all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
[[1- 1665 Robert Hooke]] [[ 2-1839 Schleiden and Schwann]]
In _______ built first transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the University of Berlin and by
1935, he built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope, revealing previously-unresolvable organelles.
[[1931 Ernst Ruska]]
In ________, _____ made their first announcement
on the double-helix structure for DNA.
[[Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and selfmaintaining: Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out every activities]][[1953 Watson and Crick]]
There are two types of cells,
[[eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually singletons, while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms]].
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Prokaryotes are distinguished
from eukaryotes on the basis of ______,
specifically their lack of a ______.
Prokaryotes also lack most of the intracellular
organelles and structures that are characteristic of
eukaryotic cells (an important exception is the
______, which are present in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells).
1-[[nuclear organization]] 2-[[nuclear membrane]] 3-[[ribosomes]]
Most of the functions of organelles,
such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgiapparatus, are taken over by _______.The _____ separates the interior of the cell
from its environment and serves as a filter and
communications beacon.
1-2-[[the prokaryotic plasma membrane]]
Most prokaryotes have a cell wall which acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from_______ from osmotic pressure
against a hypotonic environment. A cell wall is also
present in some eukaryotes like _____, but has a different
chemical composition. A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a_____ and the DNA is condensed in a
nucleoid.
1-exploding (cytolysis) 2-fungi 3-[[ circular molecule without a real nucleus]]
Eukaryotic Cells:
Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times
the size of a typical prokaryote and can be as much as
1000 times greater in volume. The major difference
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic
cells contain ________ in which
specific metabolic activities take place. Most important
among these is the presence of a cell nucleus, a
membrane-delineated compartment that houses the
eukaryotic cell’s ________
1-[[membrane-bound compartments]] 2-[[DNA.]]
It is this nucleus that gives the eukaryote its name, which means ______“true nucleus”.
The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in
function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls
may or may not be present.
The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear
molecules, called ______, which are associated
with _________. All chromosomal DNA are stored
in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles also contain
some DNA.
1-chromosomes 2-[[histone proteins]]
Eukaryotes can move using ______ Their
_____are more complex than those of
prokaryotes.
1-[[cilia or flagella.]] 2-[[flagella ]]
Prokaroytic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
================================================
All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interiorn from its environment, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the ______ of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up
most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, ________ and RNA, __________such as
enzymes, the cell’s primary machinery.
1-[[electric potential]] 2-[[the hereditary material of genes,]] -[[containing the information necessary to build various proteins ]]
There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. The primary components of
the cell and their functions are as follows:
Cell Membrane (A cell’s defining boundary): The
cytoplasm of a cell is surrounded by a plasma
membrane. The plasma membrane in plants and
prokaryotes is usually covered by a_______ . This
membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its
surrounding environment and is made mostly from a
______. Hence, the layer is called a _____
bilayer.
1-[[cell wall]]2-[[double layer of lipids and hydrophilic phosphorus
molecules]]3-[[phospholipid]]
Cellmembrane has a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move
different molecules into and out of the cell. The
membrane is said to be ‘semi-permeable’. Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells
to detect external signalling molecules such as hormones.
Cytoskeleton (A cell’s scaffold): The cytoskeleton acts
to organize and maintain the cell’s shape; anchors
organelles in place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake
of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis, the
separation of daughter cells after cell division; and moves
parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility.
Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments,
intermediate filaments and microtubules. There is a great
number of proteins associated with them, each
controlling a cell’s structure by directing, bundling, and
aligning filaments.
Genetic Material: Within a cell two different kinds of
genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms use DNA for
their long-term information storage, but some viruses
(e.g., _______retroviruses) have RNA as their genetic material.
The biological information contained in an organism is
encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also
used for information transport (e.g., mRNA) and
enzymatic functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA) in organisms
that use DNA for the genetic code itself.
1-[[100 trillion or 1014 cells. ]] 2-Ostrich egg.
In _________ discovered cells in cork, then in living plant tissue using an early microscope. First of all in ______, states that
all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
[[1- 1665 Robert Hooke]] [[ 2-1839 Schleiden and Schwann]]
In _______ built first transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the University of Berlin and by
1935, he built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope, revealing previously-unresolvable organelles.
[[1931 Ernst Ruska]]
In ________, _____ made their first announcement
on the double-helix structure for DNA.
[[Each cell is at least somewhat self-contained and selfmaintaining: Each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out every activities]][[1953 Watson and Crick]]
There are two types of cells,
[[eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually singletons, while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms]].
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Prokaryotes are distinguished
from eukaryotes on the basis of ______,
specifically their lack of a ______.
Prokaryotes also lack most of the intracellular
organelles and structures that are characteristic of
eukaryotic cells (an important exception is the
______, which are present in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells).
1-[[nuclear organization]] 2-[[nuclear membrane]] 3-[[ribosomes]]
Most of the functions of organelles,
such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgiapparatus, are taken over by _______.The _____ separates the interior of the cell
from its environment and serves as a filter and
communications beacon.
1-2-[[the prokaryotic plasma membrane]]
Most prokaryotes have a cell wall which acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from_______ from osmotic pressure
against a hypotonic environment. A cell wall is also
present in some eukaryotes like _____, but has a different
chemical composition. A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a_____ and the DNA is condensed in a
nucleoid.
1-exploding (cytolysis) 2-fungi 3-[[ circular molecule without a real nucleus]]
Eukaryotic Cells:
Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times
the size of a typical prokaryote and can be as much as
1000 times greater in volume. The major difference
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic
cells contain ________ in which
specific metabolic activities take place. Most important
among these is the presence of a cell nucleus, a
membrane-delineated compartment that houses the
eukaryotic cell’s ________
1-[[membrane-bound compartments]] 2-[[DNA.]]
It is this nucleus that gives the eukaryote its name, which means ______“true nucleus”.
The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in
function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls
may or may not be present.
The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear
molecules, called ______, which are associated
with _________. All chromosomal DNA are stored
in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a
membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles also contain
some DNA.
1-chromosomes 2-[[histone proteins]]
Eukaryotes can move using ______ Their
_____are more complex than those of
prokaryotes.
1-[[cilia or flagella.]] 2-[[flagella ]]
Prokaroytic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
================================================
All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interiorn from its environment, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the ______ of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up
most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, ________ and RNA, __________such as
enzymes, the cell’s primary machinery.
1-[[electric potential]] 2-[[the hereditary material of genes,]] -[[containing the information necessary to build various proteins ]]
There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. The primary components of
the cell and their functions are as follows:
Cell Membrane (A cell’s defining boundary): The
cytoplasm of a cell is surrounded by a plasma
membrane. The plasma membrane in plants and
prokaryotes is usually covered by a_______ . This
membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its
surrounding environment and is made mostly from a
______. Hence, the layer is called a _____
bilayer.
1-[[cell wall]]2-[[double layer of lipids and hydrophilic phosphorus
molecules]]3-[[phospholipid]]
Cellmembrane has a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move
different molecules into and out of the cell. The
membrane is said to be ‘semi-permeable’. Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells
to detect external signalling molecules such as hormones.
Cytoskeleton (A cell’s scaffold): The cytoskeleton acts
to organize and maintain the cell’s shape; anchors
organelles in place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake
of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis, the
separation of daughter cells after cell division; and moves
parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility.
Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments,
intermediate filaments and microtubules. There is a great
number of proteins associated with them, each
controlling a cell’s structure by directing, bundling, and
aligning filaments.
Genetic Material: Within a cell two different kinds of
genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms use DNA for
their long-term information storage, but some viruses
(e.g., _______retroviruses) have RNA as their genetic material.
The biological information contained in an organism is
encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also
used for information transport (e.g., mRNA) and
enzymatic functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA) in organisms
that use DNA for the genetic code itself.
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